{"id":969,"date":"2021-12-19T12:17:50","date_gmt":"2021-12-19T04:17:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/?p=969"},"modified":"2021-12-19T12:17:54","modified_gmt":"2021-12-19T04:17:54","slug":"apiue%e8%af%bb%e4%b9%a6%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b0chapter8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/?p=969","title":{"rendered":"APIUE\u8bfb\u4e66\u7b14\u8bb0chapter8"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 ez-toc-wrap-right counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69f4023e2838c\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69f4023e2838c\" checked aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/?p=969\/#Process_Identifiers\" >Process Identifiers<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/?p=969\/#fork%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0\" >fork\u51fd\u6570<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/?p=969\/#%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB\" >\u6587\u4ef6\u5171\u4eab<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/?p=969\/#vfork\" >vfork<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/?p=969\/#exit_functions\" >exit functions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/?p=969\/#wait%E4%B8%8Ewaitpid\" >wait\u4e0ewaitpid<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/?p=969\/#waitid%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0\" >waitid\u51fd\u6570<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/?p=969\/#wait3%E5%92%8Cwait4%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0\" >wait3\u548cwait4\u51fd\u6570<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/?p=969\/#Race_Conditions\" >Race Conditions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/?p=969\/#exec%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E6%97%8F\" >exec\u51fd\u6570\u65cf<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/?p=969\/#%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9user_id%E5%92%8Cgrop_id\" >\u66f4\u6539user id\u548cgrop id<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/?p=969\/#User_Identification\" >User Identification<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/?p=969\/#Interpreter_Files\" >Interpreter Files<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/?p=969\/#system%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0\" >system\u51fd\u6570<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/?p=969\/#Set-User-ID_programs\" >Set-User-ID programs<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/?p=969\/#Process_Accounting\" >Process Accounting<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/?p=969\/#Process_Scheduling\" >Process Scheduling<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/?p=969\/#Process_Times\" >Process Times<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/?p=969\/#Exercises\" >Exercises<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"process-identifiers-1\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Process_Identifiers\"><\/span>Process Identifiers<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>pid\uff0c\u975e\u8d1f\u6574\u6570\u3002unique\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u56de\u6536\u91cd\u5229\u7528\u3002pid\u4e3a0\u7684\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u8c03\u5ea6\u8fdb\u7a0b(scheduler process),\u901a\u5e38\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3aswapper\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002swapper\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u662fkernel\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002pid\u4e3a1\u7684\u662finit\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u5c31\u662fbootstrap\u7ed3\u675f\u65f6\u542f\u52a8\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002init\u8fdb\u7a0b\u662f\u7528\u6237\u8fdb\u7a0b\u800c\u975e\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f46\u662finit\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7167\u6837\u62e5\u6709\u8d85\u7ea7\u7528\u6237\u6743\u9650\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code class=\"\">#include &lt;unistd.h&gt;\n\npid_t getpid(void);\n\npid_t getppid(void);\n\nuid_t getuid(void);\n\nuid_t geteuid(void);\n\ngid_t getgid(void);\n\ngid_t getegid(void);\n\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"forke587bde695b0-1\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"fork%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0\"><\/span>fork\u51fd\u6570<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code class=\"\">#include &lt;unistd.h&gt;\n\npid_t fork(void);\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6ce8\u610fwrite\u662f\u975ebuffered\uff0c\u800c\u6807\u51c6I\/O\u5e93\u5728\u8f93\u51fa\u5230terminal\u65f6\u662fline buffered\uff0c\u5728\u8f93\u51fa\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u65f6\u5219buffer\u5f97\u66f4\u591a(fully buffered)\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5728process\u7ec8\u6b62\uff0c\u505acleanup\u5de5\u4f5c\u65f6\u624d\u628abuffered\u7684\u5185\u5bb9flush\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u91cc\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u5728fork\u65f6\uff0c\u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5728\u6807\u51c6I\/O\u5e93\u91cc\u7f13\u5b58\u7684buffer\u4e5f\u4f1a\u62f7\u8d1d\u4e00\u4efd\u7ed9\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code class=\"\">#include \"apue.h\"\nint\nchar\nglobvar = 6;\n<em>\/* external variable in initialized data *\/<\/em>\nbuf[] = \"a write to stdout\\n\";\nint\nmain(void)\n{\n\tint\n\t\tpid_t\n\t\tvar;\n\tpid;\n\t<em>\/* automatic variable on the stack *\/<\/em>\n\tvar = 88;\n\tif (write(STDOUT_FILENO, buf, sizeof(buf)-1) != sizeof(buf)-1)\n\t\terr_sys(\"write error\");\n\tprintf(\"before fork\\n\");\n\t<em>\/* we don\u2019t flush stdout *\/<\/em>\n\tif ((pid = fork()) &lt; 0) {\n\t\terr_sys(\"fork error\");\n\t} else if (pid == 0) {\n\t\tglobvar++;\n\t\tvar++;\n\t} else {\n\t\tsleep(2);\n\t}\n\t<em>\/* child *\/<\/em>\n\t<em>\/* modify variables *\/<\/em>\n\t<em>\/* parent *\/<\/em>\n\tprintf(\"pid = %ld, glob = %d, var = %d\\n\", (long)getpid(), globvar,\n\t\t\tvar);\n\texit(0);\n}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e66\u4e0a\u4e3e\u7684\u4e0a\u9762\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u7a0b\u5728<code>.\/a.out<\/code>\u548c<code>.\/a.out &gt; temp.out<\/code>\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u8fd0\u884c\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0b\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"e69687e4bbb6e585b1e4baab-1\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB\"><\/span>\u6587\u4ef6\u5171\u4eab<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>fork\u65f6\uff0c\u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u63cf\u8ff0\u7b26\u4f1a\u90fd\u62f7\u8d1d\u4e00\u4efd\u7ed9\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b\u548c\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u901a\u8fc7fork\u62f7\u8d1d\u751f\u6210\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u63cf\u8ff0\u7b26\u4f1a\u5171\u4eab\u540c\u4e00\u4e2afile table entry\u3002\u5982\u4e0b\u9762\u793a\u610f\u56fe\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"909\" height=\"844\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/apiue_file-sharing.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-970\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/apiue_file-sharing.png 909w, https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/apiue_file-sharing-300x279.png 300w, https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/apiue_file-sharing-768x713.png 768w, https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/apiue_file-sharing-670x622.png 670w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 909px) 100vw, 909px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>fork\u65f6\uff0c\u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b\u548c\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5171\u4eab(\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c)\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>fork\u7684\u8fd4\u56de\u503c<\/li><li>pid<\/li><li>ppid<\/li><li>\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684tms_utime,tms_stime,tms_cutime,tms_cstime\u7b49\u503c\u88ab\u8bbe\u4e3a0<\/li><li>\u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u9501(file locks)\u4e0d\u88ab\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7ee7\u627f<\/li><li>\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684pending alarms\u88ab\u6e05\u9664<\/li><li>\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684pending signals\u88ab\u6e05\u9664<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>fork\u4e24\u79cd\u5e38\u89c1\u7528\u9014\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>\u7f51\u7edc\u5e94\u7528fork\u5b50\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4f5c\u4e3aworker<\/li><li>shell\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6267\u884c\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u547d\u4ee4(fork\u540e\u63a5\u7740\u6267\u884cexec\u51fd\u6570)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"vfork-1\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"vfork\"><\/span>vfork<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e0d\u8981\u5eb8\u4eba\u81ea\u6270\u4f7f\u7528vfork\u3002vfork\u53ea\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u5386\u53f2\u539f\u56e0\u800c\u5b58\u5728\u8fc7\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u4eceUnix Specification Version 4\u4e2d\u5b8c\u5168\u79fb\u9664\u3002<br>vfork\u4e0efork\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff1avfork\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e0d\u4f1a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4efd\u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5730\u5740\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u62f7\u8d1d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u5728\u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u5730\u5740\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u8c03\u7528exit\u6216exec\u51fd\u6570\u540e\uff0c\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u624d\u4f1a\u9000\u51fa\u6216\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5730\u5740\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u8fd0\u884c\u76f8\u5e94\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b\u624d\u4f1a\u7ed3\u675fvfork\u7ee7\u7eed\u8fd0\u884c\u3002vfork\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u5c31\u5728\u4e8e\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6ca1\u6709\u50cffork\u90a3\u6837\u62f7\u8d1d\u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u5730\u5740\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u63d0\u5347\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"exit-functions-1\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"exit_functions\"><\/span>exit functions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5b64\u513f\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff1a\u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5148\u4e8e\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\u5c31\u5c06\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u8fc7\u7ee7\u7ed9init\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u7531init\u8fdb\u7a0b\u8d1f\u8d23\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u5584\u540e\uff1b<br>\u50f5\u5c38\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff1a\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5df2\u7ecf\u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u901a\u8fc7wait\u3001waitpid\u7b49\u51fd\u6570\u83b7\u53d6\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u9000\u51fa\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u5c38\u4f53\u8fd8\u88ab\u7cfb\u7edf\u4fdd\u7559\u7740(pid\uff0c\u9000\u51fa\u72b6\u6001\u503c\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u7684cpu\u65f6\u95f4\u7b49)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"waite4b88ewaitpid-1\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"wait%E4%B8%8Ewaitpid\"><\/span>wait\u4e0ewaitpid<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code class=\"\">#include &lt;sys\/wait.h&gt;\n\npid_t wait(int *statloc);\n\npid_t waitpid(pid_t pid, int *statloc, int options);\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>Macro<\/th><th>Description<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>WIFEXITED(status)<\/td><td>WEXITSTATUS(status)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WIFSIGNALED(status)<\/td><td>WTERMSIG(status),WCOREDUMP(status)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WIFSTOPPED(status)<\/td><td>WSTOPSIG(status)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>WIFCONTINUED(status)<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>waitpid\u51fd\u6570\u4f20\u5165pid\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>pid<\/th><th>explanation<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>-1<\/td><td>\u7b49\u5f85\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u6b63\u6574\u6570<\/td><td>\u7b49\u5f85\u5177\u6709\u6b64pid\u7684\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>0<\/td><td>\u7b49\u5f85\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0e\u6b64\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u76f8\u540c\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7ec4ID\u7684\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u8d1f\u6570<\/td><td>\u7b49\u5f85\u4efb\u4f55\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7ec4id\u4e0e\u6b64pid\u7edd\u5bf9\u503c\u76f8\u7b49\u7684\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>waitpid\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f20\u5165\u7684options\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>|WCONTINUED |\u5982\u679c\u7cfb\u7edf\u652f\u6301job control\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u8fd4\u56de\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u88abstop\u7136\u540e\u53c8continue\uff0c\u4e14stop\u540e\u5176\u8fdb\u7a0b\u72b6\u6001\u6ca1\u6709\u6c47\u62a5\u8fc7\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u9000\u51fa\u72b6\u6001 | |WNOHANG |\u4e0d\u8981\u963b\u585e\u5f0f\u5730\u7b49\u5f85\u5bf9\u5e94\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6ca1\u6709\u7ed3\u675f\u5c31\u7acb\u5373\u8fd4\u56de\uff0c\u4e0d\u8981\u5e72\u7b49\u7740 | |WUNTRACED |\u5982\u679c\u7cfb\u7edf\u652f\u6301job control\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u8fd4\u56de\u88abstop\uff0c\u4e14stop\u540e\u5176\u8fdb\u7a0b\u72b6\u6001\u6ca1\u6709\u6c47\u62a5\u8fc7\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u9000\u51fa\u72b6\u6001 |<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"waitide587bde695b0-1\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"waitid%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0\"><\/span>waitid\u51fd\u6570<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code class=\"\">#include &lt;sys\/wait.h&gt;\n\nint waitid(idtype_t idtype, id_t id, siginfo_t *info, int options);\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>idtype\u53ef\u53d6\u503c\uff1aP_PID,P_PGID,P_ALL\u3002<br>options\u53ef\u53d6\u503c\uff1a\u81f3\u5c11\u5305\u542bWCONTINUED,WEXITED,WSTOPPED\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\uff0cWNOHANG,WNOWAIT\u53ef\u9009\u3002<br>\u8c8c\u4f3cBSD\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"wait3e5928cwait4e587bde695b0-1\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"wait3%E5%92%8Cwait4%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0\"><\/span>wait3\u548cwait4\u51fd\u6570<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code class=\"\">#include &lt;sys\/types.h&gt;\n#include &lt;sys\/wait.h&gt;\n#include &lt;sys\/time.h&gt;\n#include &lt;sys\/resource.h&gt;\n\npid_t wait3(int *statloc, int options, struct rusage *rusage);\npid_t wait4(pid_t pid, int *statloc, int options, struct rusage *rusage);\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>wait3\u548cwait4\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662fwait,waitpid,waitid\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u662f\uff0cwait3\u548cwait4\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd4\u56de\u9000\u51fa\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"race-conditions-1\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Race_Conditions\"><\/span>Race Conditions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>apiue\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e865\u79cd\u7528\u4e8e\u8fdb\u7a0b\u95f4\u540c\u6b65\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"exece587bde695b0e6978f-1\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"exec%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E6%97%8F\"><\/span>exec\u51fd\u6570\u65cf<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code class=\"\">#include &lt;unistd.h&gt;\n\nint execl(const char *pathname, const char *arg0, ... <em>\/* (char *)0 *\/<\/em> );\n\nint execv(const char *pathname, char *const argv[]);\n\nint execle(const char *pathname, const char *arg0, ...\n\t\t<em>\/* (char *)0, char *const envp[] *\/<\/em> );\nint execve(const char *pathname, char *const argv[], char *const envp[]);\nint execlp(const char *filename, const char *arg0, ... <em>\/* (char *)0 *\/<\/em> );\nint execvp(const char *filename, char *const argv[]);\nint fexecve(int fd, char *const argv[], char *const envp[]);\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>\u540d\u5b57\u4e2d\u5e26p\u7684\u8868\u793a\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cfPATH\u5bfb\u627e\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u53ef\u6267\u884c\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u5e26l\u7684\u8868\u793a\u4f1a\u4f20\u5165\u53c2\u6570\u5217\u8868\uff0c\u5e26v\u7684\u8868\u793a\u4f20\u5165\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u5217\u8868\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u6307\u5411\u53c2\u6570\u5217\u8868\u7684\u6307\u9488\u4f20\u5165\u7684\uff0c\u5e26e\u7684\u8868\u793a\u8981\u4f20\u5165\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u5217\u8868\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u5e26f\u7684\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u76f4\u63a5\u4f20\u5165\u53ef\u6267\u884c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u63cf\u8ff0\u7b26\uff0c\u9632\u6b62\u6076\u610f\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u5b9a\u4f4d\u5230pathname\u6216\u8005filename\u8868\u793a\u7684\u53ef\u6267\u884c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6587\u4ef6\u4e4b\u540e\u4fee\u6539\u53ef\u6267\u884c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\uff1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5148\u68c0\u6d4b\u627e\u5230\u7684\u53ef\u6267\u884c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6587\u4ef6\u662f\u5426\u662f\u53ef\u6267\u884c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u5c31\u62ff\u7ed9\/bin\/sh\u5f53\u505a\u811a\u672c\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u800cfexecve\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u544a\u8bc9\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u5f53\u505a\u53ef\u6267\u884c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u52a0\u8f7d(\u4e0d\u8981\u89c9\u5f97\u4e0d\u662f\u800c\u5f53\u505a\u811a\u672c\u53bb\u8fd0\u884c)\u3002<br>\u6267\u884cexec\u51fd\u6570\u65cf\u4e4b\u524d\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u63cf\u8ff0\u7b26\u5728\u6267\u884cexec\u51fd\u6570\u65f6\u662f\u5426\u9700\u8981\u5173\u95ed\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5f53\u521d\u521b\u5efa\u6587\u4ef6\u63cf\u8ff0\u7b26\u65f6\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684close-on-exec(FD_CLOEXEC)\u6807\u5fd7\u4f4d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5f53\u521d\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6807\u5fd7\u4f4d\uff0c\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6267\u884cexec\u51fd\u6570\u65cf\u65f6\u5c31\u5173\u95ed\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u63cf\u8ff0\u7b26\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u5c31\u4ecd\u7136\u8ba9\u5176\u5904\u4e8e\u6253\u5f00\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728exec\u51fd\u6570\u4e4b\u524d\u901a\u8fc7fcntl\u51fd\u6570\u624b\u52a8\u4fee\u6539\u6587\u4ef6\u63cf\u8ff0\u7b26\u7684FD_CLOEXEC\u6807\u5fd7\u4f4d\uff0c\u8ba9\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5728\u6267\u884cexec\u51fd\u6570\u65f6\u5173\u95ed\u6389\/\u6216\u4e0d\u5173\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u63cf\u8ff0\u7b26\u3002<br>\u6253\u5f00\u7684directory stream\u5728\u6267\u884cexec\u51fd\u6570\u65f6\u5219\u4f1a\u88ab\u5173\u95ed\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3aopendir\u51fd\u6570\u6709\u8c03\u7528fcntl\u8bbe\u7f6eclose-on-exec\u6807\u5fd7\u4f4d\u3002<br>\u8c03\u7528exec\u540e\uff0creal user ID\u548creal groud ID\u4ecd\u7136\u4e0d\u53d8\uff0c\u4f46\u662feffective user\/group ID\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u53d8\u3002\u8fd9\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684set-user-ID\u4f4d\u548cset-group-ID\u4f4d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6587\u4ef6\u6709\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f4d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48effective user\/group ID\u5c31\u53d8\u4e3a\u8be5\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6587\u4ef6\u7684owner ID\u3002<br>\u8fd9\u4e03\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u4e00\u822c\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u662fkernel\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u8c03\u7528\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u51e0\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u6700\u7ec8\u90fd\u9760\u8c03\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u8c03\u7528\u5b9e\u73b0\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5b9e\u73b0\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"763\" height=\"428\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/apiue_exec.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-971\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/apiue_exec.png 763w, https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/apiue_exec-300x168.png 300w, https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/apiue_exec-520x293.png 520w, https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/apiue_exec-670x376.png 670w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 763px) 100vw, 763px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>exec\u51fd\u6570\u4f20\u5165\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u5217\u8868\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a(\u7b2c0\u4e2a)\u53c2\u6570\u4e00\u822c\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u8981\u6267\u884c\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u540d\u5b57(\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd8\u5e26\u4e86\u8def\u5f84)\uff0c\u8fd9\u5927\u6982\u5c31\u662fmain\u51fd\u6570\u91cc\u4f20\u5165\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u5217\u8868\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\u4e3amain\u51fd\u6570\u6240\u5728\u7a0b\u5e8f\u540d\u5b57\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"e69bb4e694b9user-ide5928cgrop-id-1\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9user_id%E5%92%8Cgrop_id\"><\/span>\u66f4\u6539user id\u548cgrop id<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code class=\"\">#include &lt;unistd.h&gt;\n\nint setuid(uid_t uid);\n\nint setgid(gid_t gid);\n\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code class=\"\">#include &lt;unistd.h&gt;\n\nint seteuid(uid_t uid);\n\nint setegid(gid_t gid);\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>\u56e0\u4e3a\u8df3\u8fc7\u4e86\u524d\u9762\u7684\u7ae0\u8282\uff0c\u6ca1\u641e\u6e05\u695areal-user-id\uff0ceffective-user-id,saved userd id\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u548c\u533a\u522b\u3002\u3002\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"883\" height=\"238\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/apiue_user-ids.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-972\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/apiue_user-ids.png 883w, https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/apiue_user-ids-300x81.png 300w, https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/apiue_user-ids-768x207.png 768w, https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/apiue_user-ids-670x181.png 670w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 883px) 100vw, 883px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"user-identification-1\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"User_Identification\"><\/span>User Identification<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code class=\"\">#include &lt;unistd.h&gt;\n\nchar *getlogin(void);\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"interpreter-files-1\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Interpreter_Files\"><\/span>Interpreter Files<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p><code>#! pathname [ optional-argument ]<\/code>\u4e2d\u611f\u53f9\u53f7\u540e\u9762\u7684\u7a7a\u683c\u53ef\u7701\u7565\u3002pathname\u4e00\u822c\u9700\u8981\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e0d\u9002\u7528PATH\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Interpterter script\u548cbash script\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u770b\u4e86\u534a\u5929\uff0c\u6ca1\u770b\u660e\u767d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"systeme587bde695b0-1\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"system%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0\"><\/span>system\u51fd\u6570<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code class=\"\">#include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;\n\nint system(const char *cmdstring);\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>system\u51fd\u6570\u5176\u5b9e\u4e5f\u662f\u901a\u8fc7fork\u3001exec\u548cwaitpid\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684(\u5728\u67d0\u4e2ashell\u4e2d\u6267\u884c\u547d\u4ee4)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"set-user-id-programs-1\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Set-User-ID_programs\"><\/span>Set-User-ID programs<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e0d\u8981\u5728set-user-ID\u3001set-group-ID\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u6267\u884csystem\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3aset-user-ID\u3001set-group-ID\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6743\u9650\u4f1a\u88absystem\u4e2d\u751f\u6210\u7684\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7ee7\u627f, it&#8217;s dangerous\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"process-accounting-1\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Process_Accounting\"><\/span>Process Accounting<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fdb\u7a0b\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c\u6682\u65f6\u4e0d\u60f3\u770b\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"process-scheduling-1\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Process_Scheduling\"><\/span>Process Scheduling<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code class=\"\">#include &lt;unistd.h&gt;\n\nint nice(int incr);\n\n#include &lt;sys\/resource.h&gt;\n\nint getpriority(int which, id_t who);\n\nint setpriority(int which, id_t who, int value);\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"process-times-1\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Process_Times\"><\/span>Process Times<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code class=\"\">#include &lt;sys\/times.h&gt;\n\nclock_t times(struct tms *buf);\n\nstruct tms {\n\tclock_t tms_utime;\t<em>\/* user CPU time *\/<\/em>\n\tclock_t tms_stime;\t<em>\/* system CPU time *\/<\/em>\n\tclock_t tms_cutime;\t<em>\/* user CPU time, terminated children *\/<\/em>\n\tclock_t tms_cstime;\t<em>\/* system CPU time, terminated children *\/<\/em>\n};\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>wall clock\u65f6\u95f4\u662f\u4ee5times\u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fd4\u56de\u7684wall clock\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u4ee5\u4f5c\u5dee\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u5c06\u5176\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u4e0e\u73b0\u5b9e\u65f6\u95f4\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u65f6\u523b\u3002<br>\u4f5c\u5dee\u5f97\u5230\u7684wall clock\u65f6\u95f4\u548ctms\u7ed3\u6784\u66ff\u4e2d\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u9664\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7sysconf\u51fd\u6570\u67e5\u8be2_SC_CLK_TCK\u7684\u76f8\u5e94\u7ed3\u679c\u624d\u80fd\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u79d2\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>tms\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684tms_cutime\u548ctms_cstime\u53ea\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b\u901a\u8fc7wait\u4e00\u7c7b\u51fd\u6570\u7b49\u5f85\u8fc7\u7684\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684user cpu time\u548csystem cpu time\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2atimes\u51fd\u6570\u5b9e\u73b0shell\u4e2d\u5e38\u7528\u7684time\u547d\u4ee4(\u6839\u636etime\u547d\u4ee4\u7684manual\uff0ctime\u547d\u4ee4\u663e\u793a\u7684\u66f4\u591a\u4fe1\u606f\u662f\u7528wait3\u51fd\u6570\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"exercises-1\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Exercises\"><\/span>Exercises<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Process Identifiers pid\uff0c\u975e\u8d1f\u6574\u6570\u3002unique\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u56de\u6536\u91cd\u5229\u7528\u3002pid\u4e3a0\u7684\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u8c03\u5ea6\u8fdb\u7a0b(scheduler process),\u901a\u5e38\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3aswapper\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002&#46;&#46;&#46;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10,6],"tags":[109],"class_list":["post-969","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-10","category-6","tag-apiue"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/969","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=969"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/969\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":973,"href":"https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/969\/revisions\/973"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=969"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=969"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.cauchyschwarz.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=969"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}